Station 46069 (LLNR 181.6) - SOUTH SANTA ROSA - 14 NM SW of Santa Rosa Island, CA Image indicating link to RSS feed of recent meteorological observations for station 46069


Conditions at 46069 as of
(1:00 am PST)
0900 GMT on 11/15/2026:
     

Click on the graph icon in the table below to see a time series plot of the last five days of that observation.

5-day plot - Wind Direction Wind Direction (WDIR):WNW ( 300 deg true )
5-day plot - Wind Speed Wind Speed (WSPD): 11.7 kts
5-day plot - Wind Gust Wind Gust (GST): 15.5 kts
5-day plot - Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Pressure (PRES):30.04 in
5-day plot - Pressure Tendency Pressure Tendency (PTDY):+0.01 in ( Rising )
5-day plot - Air Temperature Air Temperature (ATMP): 66.2 °F
5-day plot - Dew Point Dew Point (DEWP): 56.8 °F
5-day plot - Wind Speed at 10 Meters Wind Speed at 10 meters (WSPD10M): 11.7 kts
5-day plot - Wind Speed at 20 Meters Wind Speed at 20 meters (WSPD20M): 13.6 kts
5-day plot -  Wind Speed, Wind Gust and Atmospheric Pressure Combined plot of Wind Speed, Gust, and Air Pressure
Supplemental Measurements
Lowest 1-minute Pressure
Time (PST)Pressure
12:58 am30.04 in
Highest 1-minute Wind Speed
Time (PST)5-day plot - 1-Minute Wind Speed WSPD 5-day plot - 1-Minute Wind Direction WDIR
12:54 am 13.6 ktsWNW ( 290 deg true )
Previous observations
TIME
(PST)
5-day plot - Wind Direction
WDIR
 
5-day plot - Wind Speed
WSPD
kts
5-day plot - Wind Gust
GST
kts
5-day plot - Wave Height
WVHT
ft
5-day plot - Dominant Wave Period
DPD
sec
5-day plot - Average Wave Period
APD
sec
5-day plot - Mean Wave Direction
MWD
 
5-day plot - Atmospheric Pressure
PRES
in
5-day plot - Pressure Tendency
PTDY
in
5-day plot - Air Temperature
ATMP
°F
5-day plot - Water Temperature
WTMP
°F
5-day plot - Dew Point
DEWP
°F
5-day plot - Salinity
SAL
psu
5-day plot - Visibility
VIS
nmi
5-day plot - Tide (above MLLW)
TIDE
ft
2026-11-15 12:50 amWNW 11.7 17.5 20.7 1712.9 NW30.04- 66.2 69.4 57.0---
2026-11-15 12:40 amWNW 11.7 17.5----30.04- 66.2 69.4 57.0---
2026-11-15 12:30 amWNW 11.7 15.5----30.04- 66.2 69.4 56.8---
2026-11-15 12:20 amWNW 11.7 19.4 20.7-13.1 NW30.02- 66.2 69.4 57.0---
2026-11-15 12:10 amWNW 11.7 17.5----30.03- 66.2 69.3 57.2---
2026-11-15 12:00 amWNW 11.7 15.5----30.04+0.01 66.0 69.3 56.8---
2026-11-14 11:50 pmWNW 13.6 17.5 18.4 1712.0 NW30.04- 66.2 69.3 57.2---
2026-11-14 11:40 pmWNW 11.7 17.5----30.04- 66.4 69.3 57.6---
2026-11-14 11:30 pmWNW 13.6 17.5----30.03- 66.2 69.3 57.2---
2026-11-14 11:20 pmWNW 13.6 17.5 21.7-13.0 NW30.03- 66.2 69.3 57.4---
2026-11-14 11:10 pmWNW 11.7 15.5 21.7-13.0 NW30.03- 66.4 69.3 57.6---
2026-11-14 11:00 pmWNW 9.7 15.5----30.03+0.02 66.4 69.4 57.2---
2026-11-14 10:50 pmWNW 11.7 21.4 21.7-13.0 NW30.02- 66.4 69.4 56.8---
2026-11-14 10:40 pm NW 11.7 15.5----30.03- 66.4 69.4 57.4---
2026-11-14 10:30 pmWNW 11.7 17.5----30.03- 66.4 69.4 57.4---
2026-11-14 10:20 pmWNW 11.7 19.4 18.0-11.9WNW30.02- 66.4 69.4 57.4---
2026-11-14 10:10 pmWNW 11.7 17.5 18.0-11.9WNW30.03- 66.4 69.4 57.2---
2026-11-14 10:00 pmWNW 11.7 15.5----30.03+0.04 66.6 69.6 57.4---
2026-11-14 09:50 pmWNW 11.7 15.5 21.7 1912.3 NW30.03- 66.6 69.8 57.2---
2026-11-14 09:40 pm NW 11.7 19.4 21.7-12.3 NW30.03- 66.6 69.8 57.4---
2026-11-14 09:30 pmWNW 11.7 17.5----30.03- 66.6 70.0 57.4---
2026-11-14 09:20 pmWNW 11.7 17.5 22.0 1713.0 NW30.03- 66.6 70.0 57.4---
2026-11-14 09:10 pm NW 11.7 17.5 22.0-13.0 NW30.03- 66.6 70.2 56.8---
2026-11-14 09:00 pm NW 11.7 17.5----30.03+0.04 66.7 70.2 57.0---
2026-11-14 08:50 pm NW 11.7 17.5 20.3 1511.8 NW30.02- 66.6- 56.8---
2026-11-14 08:40 pm NW 11.7 17.5 20.3-11.8 NW30.02- 66.6 70.3 56.8---
2026-11-14 08:30 pm NW 11.7 15.5----30.02- 66.6 70.3 56.8---
2026-11-14 08:20 pm NW 11.7 19.4 26.6-13.5WNW30.00- 66.6 70.5 55.9---
2026-11-14 08:10 pmNNW 9.7 17.5 26.6-13.5WNW30.01- 66.6 70.5 55.9---
2026-11-14 08:00 pm NW 11.7 17.5----30.01+0.04 66.6 70.5 56.1---
2026-11-14 07:50 pm NW 11.7 19.4 24.6 1913.2WNW30.01- 66.4- 56.1---
2026-11-14 07:40 pm NW 9.7 15.5----30.01- 66.4 70.7 56.7---
2026-11-14 07:30 pm NW 11.7 17.5----30.00- 66.2 70.7 56.3---
2026-11-14 07:20 pm NW 11.7 17.5 23.9 1913.5 NW30.00- 66.2 70.7 55.8---
2026-11-14 07:10 pm NW 11.7 15.5 23.9-13.5 NW29.99- 66.2 70.9 55.9---
2026-11-14 07:00 pm NW 11.7 17.5----29.99+0.03 66.2 70.9 55.6---
2026-11-14 06:50 pm NW 11.7 17.5 25.9 1913.7 NW29.99- 66.2 70.9 55.8---
2026-11-14 06:40 pmNNW 13.6 17.5----29.99- 66.2 70.9 55.6---
2026-11-14 06:30 pmNNW 13.6 21.4----29.99- 66.2 71.1 55.8---
2026-11-14 06:20 pmNNW 13.6 17.5 25.6 1713.2 NW29.98- 66.4 71.1 55.8---
2026-11-14 06:10 pmNNW 13.6 21.4 25.6-13.2 NW29.98- 66.2 71.1 55.6---
2026-11-14 06:00 pmNNW 13.6 19.4----29.98+0.03 66.4 71.1 56.1---
2026-11-14 05:50 pm NW 13.6 19.4 23.3 1913.1WNW29.98- 66.2 71.2 55.6---
2026-11-14 05:40 pm NW 13.6 17.5 23.3-13.1WNW29.98- 66.2 71.2 55.6---
2026-11-14 05:30 pm NW 13.6 19.4----29.97- 66.2 71.2 55.9---
2026-11-14 05:20 pm NW 13.6 19.4 24.6 1913.4 NW29.97- 66.2 71.2 55.9---
2026-11-14 05:10 pm NW 13.6 21.4 24.6-13.4 NW29.97- 66.4 71.4 56.5---
2026-11-14 05:00 pmNNW 13.6 19.4----29.96+0.02 66.4 71.6 56.5---
2026-11-14 04:50 pm NW 13.6 19.4 26.9 1914.0 NW29.96- 66.2 71.8 56.3---
2026-11-14 04:40 pm NW 13.6 19.4 26.9-14.0 NW29.96- 66.4 72.0 55.8---
2026-11-14 04:30 pm NW 13.6 21.4----29.96- 66.6 72.1 55.2---
2026-11-14 04:20 pm NW 13.6 19.4 31.8 1914.9 NW29.96- 66.6 72.3 54.7---
2026-11-14 04:10 pm NW 13.6 21.4 31.8-14.9 NW29.96- 66.6 72.5 54.9---
2026-11-14 04:00 pm NW 13.6 19.4----29.96+0.01 66.7 72.7 54.9---
2026-11-14 03:50 pm NW 13.6 17.5 25.9 1713.5 NW29.96- 66.6- 55.0---
2026-11-14 03:40 pm NW 13.6 19.4 25.9-13.5 NW29.96- 66.7 72.7 54.5---
2026-11-14 03:30 pm NW 13.6 19.4----29.96- 66.6 72.9 54.1---
2026-11-14 03:10 pm NW 13.6 19.4 28.9-14.3 NW29.95- 66.6 72.9 55.0---
2026-11-14 03:00 pm NW 13.6 21.4----29.95+0.00 66.6 73.0 54.7---
2026-11-14 02:50 pm NW 13.6 19.4 24.9 1713.9 NW29.95- 66.4 73.0 55.6---
2026-11-14 02:40 pm NW 13.6 21.4----29.95- 66.4 73.0 55.8---
2026-11-14 02:30 pm NW 15.5 21.4----29.95- 66.4 73.0 55.8---
2026-11-14 02:20 pm NW 13.6 21.4 23.3 1713.1 NW29.95- 66.4- 56.5---
2026-11-14 02:10 pm NW 13.6 19.4 23.3-13.1 NW29.95- 66.4 73.0 55.9---
2026-11-14 02:00 pmWNW 15.5 19.4----29.95-0.03 66.2 73.0 55.2---
2026-11-14 01:50 pm NW 15.5 21.4 23.6-12.8 NW29.95- 66.4 73.2 55.9---
2026-11-14 01:40 pm--- 23.6 1912.8 NW--------
2026-11-14 01:30 pm NW 15.5 21.4----29.94- 66.6 73.2 56.3---
2026-11-14 01:20 pm NW 15.5 23.3 26.2 1914.4 NW29.94- 66.6 73.2 55.6---
2026-11-14 01:10 pm NW 15.5 21.4----29.95- 66.7 73.2 54.7---
2026-11-14 01:00 pm NW 15.5 19.4----29.95-0.02 66.9 73.2 56.1---
2026-11-14 12:50 pm NW 15.5 23.3 25.6 1913.4 NW29.95- 66.6 73.2 55.2---
2026-11-14 12:40 pm NW 15.5 21.4----29.95- 66.6 73.4 55.9---
2026-11-14 12:30 pm NW 15.5 21.4----29.96- 66.6- 56.3---
2026-11-14 12:20 pm NW 15.5 23.3 27.9 1914.4NNW29.96- 66.7- 55.9---
2026-11-14 12:10 pm NW 15.5 21.4----29.96- 66.7- 54.9---
2026-11-14 12:00 pm NW 15.5 21.4----29.96+0.00 66.7- 55.0---
2026-11-14 11:50 am NW 15.5 23.3 28.2 1914.8 NW29.96- 66.7- 55.8---
2026-11-14 11:40 am NW 15.5 23.3 28.2-14.8 NW29.97- 66.7- 55.8---
2026-11-14 11:30 am NW 15.5 25.3----29.97- 66.6 73.4 55.0---
2026-11-14 11:20 am NW 15.5 25.3 25.9-14.1 NW29.95- 66.6 73.2 54.9---
2026-11-14 11:10 am NW 15.5 21.4 25.9-14.1 NW29.97- 66.6 73.2 54.9---
2026-11-14 11:00 am NW 15.5 21.4----29.98+0.03 66.4 73.0 54.9---
2026-11-14 10:50 am NW 15.5 21.4 26.9 1714.0 NW29.98- 66.6 72.9 55.8---
2026-11-14 10:40 am NW 15.5 23.3----29.98- 66.6 72.9 54.9---
2026-11-14 10:30 amNNW 15.5 19.4----29.97- 66.4- 54.0---
2026-11-14 10:20 amNNW 13.6 19.4 29.5 1914.8 NW29.97- 66.0 72.9 54.0---
2026-11-14 10:10 amNNW 13.6 21.4 29.5-14.8 NW29.97- 66.0 72.9 54.9---
2026-11-14 10:00 amNNW 13.6 21.4----29.97+0.05 66.0 72.9 55.0---
2026-11-14 09:50 amNNW 13.6 19.4 27.6 2114.7 NW29.97- 65.8 72.9 55.4---
2026-11-14 09:40 amNNW 13.6 19.4 27.6-14.7 NW29.96- 65.7 72.7 55.6---
2026-11-14 09:30 amNNW 13.6 19.4----29.97- 65.3 72.5 55.6---
2026-11-14 09:20 amNNW 13.6 19.4 28.5-14.6 NW29.96- 64.9 72.5 54.9---
2026-11-14 09:10 am--- 28.5 2114.6 NW--------
2026-11-14 09:00 amNNW 15.5 21.4----29.96+0.06 64.8 72.5 55.0---
2026-11-14 08:50 amNNW 17.5 25.3 27.2 1914.0 NW29.96- 64.4 72.5 56.3---
2026-11-14 08:40 amNNW 17.5 23.3----29.96- 65.1 72.7 57.4---
2026-11-14 08:30 amNNW 15.5 23.3----29.96- 64.9 72.7 56.1---
2026-11-14 08:20 amNNW 17.5 25.3 28.9 1914.5 NW29.95- 65.1 72.7 55.2---
2026-11-14 08:10 amNNW 15.5 23.3 28.9-14.5 NW29.95- 65.1 72.7 55.6---
2026-11-14 08:00 am N 15.5 19.4----29.95+0.06 65.7 72.9 55.6---
2026-11-14 07:50 amNNW 13.6 21.4 26.6-14.0 NW29.94- 65.7 72.9 55.6---
2026-11-14 07:40 am--- 26.6 1914.0 NW--------
2026-11-14 07:30 amNNW 15.5 21.4----29.93- 65.3 72.9 54.9---
2026-11-14 07:20 amNNW 15.5 25.3 28.2 1914.6 NW29.92- 65.5 72.9 55.6---
2026-11-14 07:10 amNNW 15.5 21.4 28.2-14.6 NW29.92- 65.3 72.9 55.9---
2026-11-14 07:00 amNNW 15.5 21.4----29.91+0.04 64.6 73.0 56.5---
2026-11-14 06:50 am N 13.6 19.4 21.7 2113.0 NW29.91- 63.7 73.0 56.7---
2026-11-14 06:40 amNNW 15.5 21.4----29.91- 63.7 73.0 57.0---
2026-11-14 06:30 amNNW 21.4 29.1----29.91- 64.9 73.2 57.9---
2026-11-14 06:20 amNNW 13.6 23.3 23.3 2114.1NNW29.90- 64.9 73.2 56.8---
2026-11-14 06:10 amNNW 13.6 19.4 23.3-14.1NNW29.90- 64.4 73.2 56.8---
2026-11-14 06:00 amNNW 13.6 21.4----29.90+0.03 64.0 73.2 57.0---
2026-11-14 05:50 am NW 13.6 19.4 18.7 1912.3 NW29.90- 64.2 73.0 56.8---
2026-11-14 05:40 amNNW 15.5 21.4----29.89- 65.8 73.0 57.6---
2026-11-14 05:30 am NW 13.6 19.4----29.89- 66.0 73.0 55.8---
2026-11-14 05:20 amNNW 15.5 21.4 17.7 2111.7NNW29.88- 65.8- 55.2---
2026-11-14 05:10 amNNW 15.5 21.4----29.88- 65.7 73.2 55.8---
2026-11-14 05:00 amNNW 17.5 21.4----29.88+0.02 65.1 73.2 55.8---
2026-11-14 04:50 amNNW 17.5 23.3 14.1 2110.6NNW29.88- 65.5- 56.3---
2026-11-14 04:40 am NW 15.5 21.4 14.1-10.6NNW29.88- 65.7 73.0 56.8---
2026-11-14 04:30 am NW 17.5 25.3----29.86- 65.3 73.0 55.8---
2026-11-14 04:20 am NW 19.4 23.3 14.4-10.4 NW29.86- 65.1 72.9 55.6---
2026-11-14 04:10 amNNW 17.5 21.4 14.4-10.4 NW29.88- 65.3 72.9 56.7---
2026-11-14 04:00 am NW 17.5 23.3----29.87+0.01 65.5 72.7 55.9---
2026-11-14 03:50 am NW 17.5 23.3 14.1 169.9 NW29.87- 65.3 72.9 55.8---
2026-11-14 03:40 am NW 17.5 23.3----29.87- 65.7- 56.7---
2026-11-14 03:30 am NW 17.5 21.4----29.87- 65.3 72.5 55.6---
2026-11-14 03:20 am NW 19.4 23.3 13.8 1410.2WNW29.86- 65.3 72.3 56.1---
2026-11-14 03:10 am NW 17.5 23.3 13.8-10.2WNW29.86- 65.7 72.1 56.7---
2026-11-14 03:00 am NW 17.5 23.3----29.86+0.00 65.3 72.1 56.1---
2026-11-14 02:50 am NW 17.5 21.4 12.1 139.6 NW29.86- 65.3 72.1 56.3---
2026-11-14 02:40 am NW 19.4 23.3----29.86- 65.1 72.1 56.5---
2026-11-14 02:30 am NW 17.5 21.4----29.86- 65.3 72.0 56.5---
2026-11-14 02:20 am NW 17.5 21.4 12.8 139.9 NW29.85- 64.8 72.0 56.8---
2026-11-14 02:10 am NW 13.6 19.4 12.8-9.9 NW29.85- 64.2 72.0 58.1---
2026-11-14 02:00 am NW 13.6 17.5----29.86+0.01 64.2 72.0 56.5---
2026-11-14 01:50 amWNW 11.7 15.5 12.5 139.4WNW29.86- 64.0 72.1 56.1---

Wave Summary
for 46069 as of (12:40 am PST)
0840 GMT on 11/15/2026:

These wave data are displayed in rounded times.

     

Click on the graph icon in the table below to see a time series plot of the last five days of that observation.

5-day plot - Significant Wave Height Significant Wave Height (WVHT): 20.7 ft
5-day plot - Swell Height Swell Height (SwH): 20.7 ft
5-day plot - Swell Period Swell Period (SwP): 17.4 sec
5-day plot - Swell Direction Swell Direction (SwD): NW
5-day plot - Wind Wave Height Wind Wave Height (WWH): 3.0 ft
5-day plot - Wind Wave Period Wind Wave Period (WWP): 5.3 sec
5-day plot - Wind Wave Direction Wind Wave Direction (WWD): W
5-day plot - Wave Steepness Wave Steepness (STEEPNESS): SWELL
5-day plot - Average Wave Period Average Wave Period (APD): 12.9 sec
Previous observations
TIME
(PST)
5-day plot - Wave Height
WVHT
ft
5-day plot - Swell Height
SwH
ft
5-day plot - Swell Period
SwP
sec
5-day plot - Swell Direction
SwD
 
5-day plot - Wind Wave Height
WWH
ft
5-day plot - Wind Wave Period
WWP
sec
5-day plot - Wind Wave Direction
WWD
 
5-day plot - Wave Steepness
STEEPNESS
 
5-day plot - Average Wave Period
APD
sec
2026-11-15 12:10 am 20.7 20.3 19.0 NW 3.0 5.6 W SWELL 13.1
2026-11-14 11:40 pm 18.4 18.0 17.4 NW 3.0 5.3 W SWELL 12.0
2026-11-14 11:10 pm 21.7 21.7 19.0 NW 2.6 5.3 W SWELL 13.0
2026-11-14 10:40 pm 21.7 21.7 17.4 NW 2.3 5.0 W SWELL 13.0
2026-11-14 10:10 pm 18.0 17.7 19.0WNW 3.3 5.3 W SWELL 11.9
2026-11-14 09:40 pm 21.7 21.7 19.0 NW 2.6 4.8 W SWELL 12.3
2026-11-14 09:10 pm 22.0 21.7 17.4 NW 3.0 5.6 W SWELL 13.0
2026-11-14 08:40 pm 20.3 20.0 14.8 NW 3.0 4.5 W SWELL 11.8
2026-11-14 08:10 pm 26.6 26.2 17.4WNW 2.6 4.8 W SWELL 13.5
2026-11-14 07:40 pm 24.6 24.3 19.0WNW 2.6 4.0 WNW SWELL 13.2
2026-11-14 07:10 pm 23.9 23.9 19.0 NW 3.3 5.3 W SWELL 13.5
2026-11-14 06:40 pm 25.9 25.6 19.0 NW 3.6 5.0 WNW SWELL 13.7
2026-11-14 06:10 pm 25.6 25.3 17.4 NW 3.6 5.3 W SWELL 13.2
2026-11-14 05:40 pm 23.3 23.0 19.0WNW 4.3 6.7 W SWELL 13.1
2026-11-14 05:10 pm 24.6 24.3 19.0 NW 4.3 6.7 W SWELL 13.4
2026-11-14 04:40 pm 26.9 26.6 19.0 NW 3.9 5.9 W SWELL 14.0
2026-11-14 04:10 pm 31.8 31.5 19.0 NW 4.3 5.9 W SWELL 14.9
2026-11-14 03:40 pm 25.9 25.9 17.4 NW 3.6 5.9 W SWELL 13.5
2026-11-14 03:10 pm 28.9 28.5 17.4 NW 3.6 5.9 W SWELL 14.3
2026-11-14 02:40 pm 24.9 24.6 17.4 NW 4.3 6.2 W SWELL 13.9
2026-11-14 02:10 pm 23.3 23.0 17.4 NW 3.9 5.3 W SWELL 13.1
2026-11-14 01:40 pm 23.6 23.3 19.0 NW 4.3 5.6 WNW SWELL 12.8
2026-11-14 01:10 pm 26.2 25.9 19.0 NW 4.9 6.7 W SWELL 14.4
2026-11-14 12:40 pm 25.6 25.3 19.0 NW 4.9 5.9 W SWELL 13.4
2026-11-14 12:10 pm 27.9 27.6 19.0NNW 4.9 5.6 WNW SWELL 14.4
2026-11-14 11:40 am 28.2 27.9 19.0 NW 4.9 7.7 W SWELL 14.8
2026-11-14 11:10 am 25.9 25.6 19.0 NW 4.9 7.1 WNW SWELL 14.1
2026-11-14 10:40 am 26.9 26.2 17.4 NW 5.2 5.6 W SWELL 14.0
2026-11-14 10:10 am 29.5 29.2 19.0 NW 4.3 5.6 WNW SWELL 14.8
2026-11-14 09:40 am 27.6 27.2 21.1 NW 4.3 5.6 W SWELL 14.7
2026-11-14 09:10 am 28.5 28.2 21.1 NW 4.6 5.9 W SWELL 14.6
2026-11-14 08:40 am 27.2 26.6 19.0 NW 4.9 6.7 W SWELL 14.0
2026-11-14 08:10 am 28.9 28.5 19.0 NW 4.6 6.7 W SWELL 14.5
2026-11-14 07:40 am 26.6 25.9 19.0 NW 5.2 6.2 W SWELL 14.0
2026-11-14 07:10 am 28.2 27.6 19.0 NW 5.2 7.7 WNW SWELL 14.6
2026-11-14 06:40 am 21.7 21.0 21.1 NW 4.6 5.0 WNW SWELL 13.0
2026-11-14 06:10 am 23.3 23.0 21.1NNW 3.6 5.6 W SWELL 14.1
2026-11-14 05:40 am 18.7 18.0 19.0 NW 4.9 6.7 W SWELL 12.3
2026-11-14 05:10 am 17.7 16.7 21.1NNW 5.2 7.1 WNW SWELL 11.7
2026-11-14 04:40 am 14.1 13.1 21.1NNW 4.9 5.6 W SWELL 10.6
2026-11-14 04:10 am 14.4 13.5 17.4 NW 4.9 6.7 W SWELL 10.4
2026-11-14 03:40 am 14.1 13.1 16.0 NW 4.9 7.7 W SWELL 9.9
2026-11-14 03:10 am 13.8 13.1 13.8WNW 4.6 5.6 W SWELL 10.2
2026-11-14 02:40 am 12.1 11.5 12.9 NW 4.3 6.2 W SWELL 9.6
2026-11-14 02:10 am 12.8 12.1 12.9 NW 3.6 4.8 W SWELL 9.9

Plot icon Plot of wave energy versus frequency (and period)