Station 46053 (LLNR 196) - EAST SANTA BARBARA - 12NM Southwest of Santa Barbara, CA Image indicating link to RSS feed of recent meteorological observations for station 46053


Conditions at 46053 as of
(12:30 pm PDT)
1930 GMT on 07/13/2026:
     

Click on the graph icon in the table below to see a time series plot of the last five days of that observation.

5-day plot - Wind Direction Wind Direction (WDIR):WSW ( 250 deg true )
5-day plot - Wind Speed Wind Speed (WSPD): 3.9 kts
5-day plot - Wind Gust Wind Gust (GST): 3.9 kts
5-day plot - Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Pressure (PRES):29.98 in
5-day plot - Air Temperature Air Temperature (ATMP): 66.9 °F
5-day plot - Water Temperature Water Temperature (WTMP): 65.5 °F
5-day plot - Dew Point Dew Point (DEWP): 62.2 °F
5-day plot - Wind Speed at 10 Meters Wind Speed at 10 meters (WSPD10M): 3.9 kts
5-day plot - Wind Speed at 20 Meters Wind Speed at 20 meters (WSPD20M): 3.9 kts
5-day plot -  Wind Speed, Wind Gust and Atmospheric Pressure Combined plot of Wind Speed, Gust, and Air Pressure
Supplemental Measurements
Lowest 1-minute Pressure
Time (PDT)Pressure
12:30 pm29.98 in
Highest 1-minute Wind Speed
Time (PDT)5-day plot - 1-Minute Wind Speed WSPD 5-day plot - 1-Minute Wind Direction WDIR
12:30 pm 3.9 ktsWSW ( 250 deg true )
Previous observations
TIME
(PDT)
5-day plot - Wind Direction
WDIR
 
5-day plot - Wind Speed
WSPD
kts
5-day plot - Wind Gust
GST
kts
5-day plot - Wave Height
WVHT
ft
5-day plot - Dominant Wave Period
DPD
sec
5-day plot - Average Wave Period
APD
sec
5-day plot - Mean Wave Direction
MWD
 
5-day plot - Atmospheric Pressure
PRES
in
5-day plot - Pressure Tendency
PTDY
in
5-day plot - Air Temperature
ATMP
°F
5-day plot - Water Temperature
WTMP
°F
5-day plot - Dew Point
DEWP
°F
5-day plot - Salinity
SAL
psu
5-day plot - Visibility
VIS
nmi
5-day plot - Tide (above MLLW)
TIDE
ft
2026-07-13 12:20 pm W 1.9 3.9 2.0-6.9WSW29.98- 66.9 65.5 62.4---
2026-07-13 12:10 pm--- 2.0 96.9WSW--------
2026-07-13 12:00 pmWSW 1.9 1.9----29.98+0.01 66.4- 62.1---
2026-07-13 11:50 am W 1.9 1.9 2.0 107.0 W29.99- 66.2 65.7 62.2---
2026-07-13 11:40 am W 1.9 1.9----29.99- 66.0 65.7 62.2---
2026-07-13 11:30 am NW 1.9 3.9----29.99- 66.2 65.7 62.2---
2026-07-13 11:20 am NW 1.9 1.9 2.0 86.8 W29.99- 66.6 65.5 62.4---
2026-07-13 11:10 am- 0.0 1.9----29.99- 66.6 65.3 62.6---
2026-07-13 11:00 am- 0.0 1.9----29.99+0.02 66.0 65.5 62.2---
2026-07-13 10:50 am- 0.0 1.9 2.3 87.1 W29.99- 66.6 65.3 62.4---
2026-07-13 10:40 am- 0.0 0.0----29.99- 66.2 65.3 62.6---
2026-07-13 10:30 am- 0.0 0.0----29.99- 65.7 65.3 62.2---
2026-07-13 10:20 am- 0.0 0.0 2.3 86.8 W29.98- 65.5 65.3 62.2---
2026-07-13 10:10 am- 0.0 1.9 2.3-6.8 W29.98- 65.1 65.3 62.2---
2026-07-13 10:00 am- 0.0 1.9----29.97+0.01 64.9 65.3 62.2---
2026-07-13 09:50 am S 1.9 3.9 2.0 86.9 W29.97- 64.8 65.3 62.2---
2026-07-13 09:40 amSSW 1.9 3.9 2.0-6.9 W29.97- 64.8 65.3 62.4---
2026-07-13 09:30 amWSW 1.9 3.9----29.97- 64.8 65.1 62.4---
2026-07-13 09:20 am W 1.9 3.9 2.0 86.7 W29.97- 64.9 65.1 62.4---
2026-07-13 09:10 am- 0.0 1.9 2.0-6.7 W29.97- 65.3 65.1 62.4---
2026-07-13 09:00 am- 0.0 0.0----29.97+0.02 65.7 65.1 62.6---
2026-07-13 08:50 am- 0.0 1.9 2.3 87.0 W29.98- 65.5 65.1 62.6---
2026-07-13 08:40 am- 0.0 1.9 2.3-7.0 W29.98- 65.5 64.9 62.4---
2026-07-13 08:30 am- 0.0 0.0----29.98- 65.1 64.9 62.8---
2026-07-13 08:20 am E 3.9 5.8 2.0 86.5 W29.98- 64.6 64.9 62.6---
2026-07-13 08:10 amENE 3.9 5.8 2.0-6.5 W29.98- 64.4 64.9 62.4---
2026-07-13 08:00 amENE 3.9 5.8----29.97+0.03 64.4 64.9 62.2---
2026-07-13 07:50 amENE 3.9 3.9 2.3 76.5WNW29.97- 64.4 64.9 62.1---
2026-07-13 07:40 amENE 3.9 3.9----29.97- 64.2 64.8 61.9---
2026-07-13 07:30 amENE 3.9 3.9----29.98- 64.0 64.8 61.7---
2026-07-13 07:20 amNNE 3.9 3.9 2.0 76.0 W29.97- 63.9 64.8 61.7---
2026-07-13 07:10 am N 3.9 3.9 2.0-6.0 W29.96- 63.5 64.8 61.3---
2026-07-13 07:00 amNNW 3.9 3.9----29.96+0.03 63.5 64.8 61.3---
2026-07-13 06:50 amNNW 3.9 3.9 2.0 86.0 W29.96- 63.3 64.8 61.3---
2026-07-13 06:40 am- 0.0 1.9 2.0-6.0 W29.96- 63.3 64.9 61.5---
2026-07-13 06:30 am- 0.0 0.0----29.96- 63.1 64.8 61.3---
2026-07-13 06:20 am- 0.0 0.0 2.0 86.3 W29.96- 63.0 64.8 61.3---
2026-07-13 06:10 am- 0.0 1.9----29.96- 63.0 64.6 61.3---
2026-07-13 05:50 am W 5.8 5.8 2.0 85.6WNW29.94- 63.1 64.6 61.3---
2026-07-13 05:40 am W 3.9 5.8----29.94- 63.1 64.8 61.2---
2026-07-13 05:30 amWNW 3.9 3.9----29.94- 63.0 64.8 61.2---
2026-07-13 05:20 amWNW 3.9 5.8 2.0 86.0 W29.94- 63.0 64.8 61.2---
2026-07-13 05:10 amWNW 5.8 5.8 2.0-6.0 W29.93- 63.0 64.8 61.3---
2026-07-13 05:00 am W 3.9 3.9----29.94+0.00 63.1 64.8 61.3---
2026-07-13 04:50 am W 1.9 1.9 2.0 86.0 W29.94- 63.0 64.8 61.2---
2026-07-13 04:40 am- 0.0 1.9----29.94- 63.0 64.8 61.2---
2026-07-13 04:30 am W 1.9 1.9----29.94- 63.1 64.8 61.3---
2026-07-13 04:20 am W 3.9 3.9 1.6 85.6 W29.93- 63.1 64.6 61.3---
2026-07-13 04:10 am W 3.9 5.8 1.6-5.6 W29.93- 63.3 64.6 61.5---
2026-07-13 04:00 am W 3.9 5.8----29.93-0.01 63.3 64.6 61.3---
2026-07-13 03:50 am W 3.9 5.8 1.6 75.8WNW29.93- 63.3 64.6 61.3---
2026-07-13 03:40 am W 3.9 3.9----29.92- 63.3 64.4 61.3---
2026-07-13 03:30 am W 3.9 3.9----29.92- 63.3 64.4 61.3---
2026-07-13 03:20 am W 3.9 5.8 1.6 75.6 W29.92- 63.3 64.2 61.2---
2026-07-13 03:10 am W 3.9 5.8 1.6-5.6 W29.92- 63.1 64.4 61.0---
2026-07-13 03:00 am W 3.9 5.8----29.92-0.02 63.3- 61.2---
2026-07-13 02:50 am W 3.9 5.8 1.6 85.2WSW29.92- 63.1 64.2 60.8---
2026-07-13 02:40 am W 3.9 5.8----29.92- 63.1 64.0 61.0---
2026-07-13 02:30 am W 3.9 5.8----29.92- 63.1 63.9 61.0---
2026-07-13 02:20 am W 3.9 5.8 1.6 85.4WNW29.93- 63.1 63.9 61.0---
2026-07-13 02:10 amWNW 5.8 5.8 1.6-5.4WNW29.93- 63.1 64.0 61.0---
2026-07-13 02:00 amWNW 5.8 5.8----29.93+0.00 63.1 64.0 61.0---
2026-07-13 01:50 am W 5.8 5.8 1.6 75.3WNW29.93- 63.1 64.2 61.0---
2026-07-13 01:40 am W 5.8 5.8----29.94- 63.3 64.2 61.2---
2026-07-13 01:30 am W 5.8 5.8----29.94- 63.3 64.2 61.0---
2026-07-13 01:20 am W 5.8 5.8 1.6 85.5 W29.94- 63.3 64.2 61.0---
2026-07-13 01:10 am W 3.9 5.8 1.6-5.5 W29.94- 63.1 64.2 60.8---
2026-07-13 01:00 am W 5.8 7.8----29.94+0.02 63.1 64.2 61.2---
2026-07-13 12:50 am W 7.8 7.8 1.6 85.4WNW29.95- 63.3 64.4 61.2---
2026-07-13 12:40 am W 5.8 7.8----29.94- 63.5 64.4 61.2---
2026-07-13 12:30 am W 7.8 7.8----29.94- 63.5 64.4 61.2---
2026-07-13 12:20 amWSW 5.8 7.8 1.6 85.6WNW29.94- 63.5 64.4 61.0---
2026-07-13 12:10 amWSW 3.9 5.8 1.6-5.6WNW29.94- 63.7 64.4 61.2---
2026-07-13 12:00 amWSW 3.9 5.8----29.94+0.03 63.5 64.4 61.0---
2026-07-12 11:50 pm SW 5.8 5.8 1.3 85.2 W29.94- 63.7 64.4 61.3---
2026-07-12 11:40 pmWSW 5.8 7.8----29.93- 63.9 64.4 61.5---
2026-07-12 11:30 pm SW 5.8 7.8----29.93- 63.9 64.6 61.5---
2026-07-12 11:20 pmWSW 5.8 7.8 1.6 155.5WSW29.93- 64.0 64.4 61.3---
2026-07-12 11:10 pmWSW 7.8 7.8 1.6-5.5WSW29.93- 64.2 64.6 61.5---
2026-07-12 11:00 pmWSW 5.8 7.8----29.93+0.03 64.2 64.8 61.7---
2026-07-12 10:50 pmWSW 5.8 5.8 1.6 85.6 W29.93- 64.2 65.1 61.5---
2026-07-12 10:40 pmWSW 5.8 5.8----29.92- 64.2 64.9 61.3---
2026-07-12 10:30 pmWSW 5.8 5.8----29.92- 64.2 64.9 61.2---
2026-07-12 10:20 pmWSW 3.9 5.8 1.6 75.3 W29.92- 64.2 64.9 61.3---
2026-07-12 10:10 pm SW 3.9 5.8 1.6-5.3 W29.92- 64.2 65.1 61.3---
2026-07-12 10:00 pm SW 3.9 3.9----29.92+0.01 64.2 65.1 61.5---
2026-07-12 09:50 pm SW 3.9 5.8 1.3 84.6 W29.92- 64.0 65.3 61.3---
2026-07-12 09:40 pm SW 3.9 5.8 1.3-4.6 W29.91- 64.0 65.5 61.3---
2026-07-12 09:30 pmWSW 3.9 5.8----29.91- 64.0 65.7 61.3---
2026-07-12 09:20 pmWSW 3.9 5.8 1.6 84.8WNW29.91- 64.0 65.5 61.3---
2026-07-12 09:10 pm W 5.8 5.8 1.6-4.8WNW29.91- 64.0 65.7 61.3---
2026-07-12 09:00 pmWSW 5.8 5.8----29.91+0.00 64.0 65.7 61.5---
2026-07-12 08:50 pmWSW 5.8 5.8 1.6 84.9 W29.91- 63.9 65.8 61.3---
2026-07-12 08:40 pmWSW 5.8 5.8----29.91- 64.0 66.0 61.7---
2026-07-12 08:30 pm W 3.9 5.8----29.90- 63.9 66.0 61.7---
2026-07-12 08:20 pm W 3.9 5.8 1.6 84.8 W29.90- 63.9 66.2 61.7---
2026-07-12 08:10 pmWNW 5.8 5.8 1.6-4.8 W29.90- 63.9 66.2 61.5---
2026-07-12 08:00 pmWNW 3.9 5.8----29.90-0.03 64.0 66.2 61.5---
2026-07-12 07:50 pm W 5.8 5.8 1.6 74.9 W29.90- 64.2 66.4 61.5---
2026-07-12 07:40 pm W 5.8 7.8----29.91- 64.4 66.4 61.5---
2026-07-12 07:30 pm W 7.8 7.8----29.91- 64.4 66.6 61.3---
2026-07-12 07:20 pm W 7.8 9.7 2.0 85.1 W29.91- 64.6 66.6 61.3---
2026-07-12 07:10 pm W 7.8 9.7 2.0-5.1 W29.91- 64.6 66.6 61.2---
2026-07-12 07:00 pm W 7.8 9.7----29.91-0.03 64.4 66.6 61.2---
2026-07-12 06:50 pm W 7.8 9.7 2.0 85.2WNW29.91- 64.2 66.6 61.3---
2026-07-12 06:40 pm W 7.8 9.7----29.91- 64.4 66.6 61.3---
2026-07-12 06:30 pm W 7.8 9.7----29.91- 64.0 66.6 61.2---
2026-07-12 06:20 pmWNW 7.8 7.8 2.0 75.2 W29.91- 64.2 66.6 61.9---
2026-07-12 06:10 pm W 7.8 9.7 2.0-5.2 W29.92- 64.0 66.6 61.5---
2026-07-12 06:00 pm W 9.7 9.7----29.91+0.00 64.4 66.4 62.1---
2026-07-12 05:50 pm W 9.7 9.7 2.0 85.0 W29.92- 64.4 66.4 61.7---
2026-07-12 05:40 pm W 7.8 7.8 2.0-5.0 W29.92- 64.4 66.6 61.9---
2026-07-12 05:30 pmWNW 5.8 7.8----29.93- 64.4- 61.9---
2026-07-12 05:20 pmWNW 5.8 7.8 2.0 75.0 W29.93- 64.2 66.6 61.9---
2026-07-12 05:10 pmWNW 5.8 5.8 2.0-5.0 W29.93- 64.4 66.7 62.2---
2026-07-12 05:00 pmWNW 5.8 7.8----29.93+0.01 64.4 66.7 62.4---
2026-07-12 04:50 pmWNW 5.8 7.8 2.0 75.1WNW29.93- 64.4 66.7 62.2---
2026-07-12 04:40 pm NW 7.8 9.7----29.93- 64.6 66.9 62.4---
2026-07-12 04:30 pmWNW 7.8 9.7----29.93- 64.6 66.7 62.4---
2026-07-12 04:20 pmWNW 7.8 7.8 2.0 75.0WNW29.94- 64.8 66.9 62.6---
2026-07-12 04:10 pmWNW 7.8 7.8 2.0-5.0WNW29.94- 64.9 66.6 63.0---
2026-07-12 04:00 pmWNW 5.8 7.8----29.94-0.02 64.9 66.6 63.0---
2026-07-12 03:50 pm W 5.8 7.8 2.0 85.0WNW29.94- 65.3 66.6 63.3---
2026-07-12 03:40 pm W 7.8 7.8----29.94- 65.1 66.6 63.1---
2026-07-12 03:30 pm W 7.8 9.7----29.94- 65.1 66.7 63.1---
2026-07-12 03:20 pm W 11.7 13.6 1.6 85.3WNW29.93- 65.1 66.6 63.3---
2026-07-12 03:10 pmWSW 11.7 13.6----29.93- 66.0 66.6 64.0---
2026-07-12 03:00 pmWSW 9.7 11.7----29.92-0.06 66.6 66.7 64.2---
2026-07-12 02:50 pmWSW 9.7 11.7 1.6 75.6WNW29.92- 66.6 66.6 64.0---
2026-07-12 02:40 pmWSW 9.7 11.7 1.6-5.6WNW29.92- 66.4 66.0 63.9---
2026-07-12 02:30 pmWSW 9.7 11.7----29.92- 66.2 66.6 63.7---
2026-07-12 02:20 pmWSW 9.7 11.7 1.6 85.8 W29.92- 66.0 66.2 63.5---
2026-07-12 02:10 pmWSW 9.7 11.7 1.6-5.8 W29.92- 66.2 66.0 63.5---
2026-07-12 02:00 pmWSW 7.8 9.7----29.92-0.08 66.0 66.0 63.1---
2026-07-12 01:50 pmWSW 7.8 7.8 1.6 85.7 W29.93- 66.0 65.8 63.0---
2026-07-12 01:40 pmWSW 5.8 7.8 1.6-5.7 W29.93- 66.0 65.8 62.8---
2026-07-12 01:30 pm W 5.8 7.8----29.94- 66.2 65.8 62.8---
2026-07-12 01:20 pm W 5.8 5.8 1.6 75.8 W29.94- 66.2 65.8 62.6---
2026-07-12 01:10 pm W 3.9 5.8 1.6-5.8 W29.95- 66.0 65.8 62.1---
2026-07-12 01:00 pmWNW 3.9 3.9----29.96-0.03 65.8 65.8 61.9---
2026-07-12 12:50 pmWNW 1.9 3.9 1.6 85.7 W29.96- 66.2 65.8 62.2---

Wave Summary
for 46053 as of (12:10 pm PDT)
1910 GMT on 07/13/2026:

These wave data are displayed in rounded times.

     

Click on the graph icon in the table below to see a time series plot of the last five days of that observation.

5-day plot - Significant Wave Height Significant Wave Height (WVHT): 2.0 ft
5-day plot - Swell Height Swell Height (SwH): 2.0 ft
5-day plot - Swell Period Swell Period (SwP): 9.1 sec
5-day plot - Swell Direction Swell Direction (SwD):WSW
5-day plot - Wind Wave Height Wind Wave Height (WWH): 0.3 ft
5-day plot - Wind Wave Period Wind Wave Period (WWP): 4.0 sec
5-day plot - Wind Wave Direction Wind Wave Direction (WWD):WSW
5-day plot - Average Wave Period Average Wave Period (APD): 6.9 sec
Previous observations
TIME
(PDT)
5-day plot - Wave Height
WVHT
ft
5-day plot - Swell Height
SwH
ft
5-day plot - Swell Period
SwP
sec
5-day plot - Swell Direction
SwD
 
5-day plot - Wind Wave Height
WWH
ft
5-day plot - Wind Wave Period
WWP
sec
5-day plot - Wind Wave Direction
WWD
 
5-day plot - Wave Steepness
STEEPNESS
 
5-day plot - Average Wave Period
APD
sec
2026-07-13 11:40 am 2.0 2.0 10.0 W 0.3 3.0 WSW N/A 7.0
2026-07-13 11:10 am 2.0 2.0 8.3 W 0.3 3.8 WSW N/A 6.8
2026-07-13 10:40 am 2.3 2.3 7.7 W 0.3 3.8 WSW N/A 7.1
2026-07-13 10:10 am 2.3 2.3 8.3 W 0.3 3.8 WSW N/A 6.8
2026-07-13 09:40 am 2.0 2.0 8.3 W 0.3 3.8 WSW N/A 6.9
2026-07-13 09:10 am 2.0 2.0 8.3 W 0.3 3.4 WSW N/A 6.7
2026-07-13 08:40 am 2.3 2.3 8.3 W 0.3 3.8 WSW N/A 7.0
2026-07-13 08:10 am 2.0 2.0 8.3 W 0.3 3.7 W N/A 6.5
2026-07-13 07:40 am 2.3 2.0 7.1WNW 0.7 4.0 W N/A 6.5
2026-07-13 07:10 am 2.0 2.0 7.1 W 0.7 3.8 W N/A 6.0
2026-07-13 06:40 am 2.0 1.6 8.3 W 0.7 3.4 WSW N/A 6.0
2026-07-13 06:10 am 2.0 2.0 8.3 W 0.7 3.7 W N/A 6.3
2026-07-13 05:40 am 2.0 1.6 8.3WNW 0.7 3.8 W N/A 5.6
2026-07-13 05:10 am 2.0 2.0 7.7 W 0.7 3.8 WNW N/A 6.0
2026-07-13 04:40 am 2.0 2.0 8.3 W 0.7 3.3 W N/A 6.0
2026-07-13 04:10 am 1.6 1.6 8.3 W 0.7 3.7 W N/A 5.6
2026-07-13 03:40 am 1.6 1.6 7.1WNW 0.7 4.0 W N/A 5.8
2026-07-13 03:10 am 1.6 1.6 7.1 W 0.7 3.8 W N/A 5.6
2026-07-13 02:40 am 1.6 1.3 8.3WSW 0.7 3.7 W N/A 5.2
2026-07-13 02:10 am 1.6 1.6 7.7WNW 0.7 3.8 W N/A 5.4
2026-07-13 01:40 am 1.6 1.6 7.1WNW 0.7 4.0 W N/A 5.3
2026-07-13 01:10 am 1.6 1.6 7.7 W 0.7 4.0 W N/A 5.5
2026-07-13 12:40 am 1.6 1.3 7.7WNW 0.7 3.8 W N/A 5.4
2026-07-13 12:10 am 1.6 1.6 7.7WNW 0.7 4.0 W N/A 5.6
2026-07-12 11:40 pm 1.3 1.3 7.7 W 0.7 3.0 W N/A 5.2
2026-07-12 11:10 pm 1.6 1.3 14.8WSW 0.7 3.6 W N/A 5.5
2026-07-12 10:40 pm 1.6 1.3 8.3 W 0.7 3.4 WNW N/A 5.6
2026-07-12 10:10 pm 1.6 1.3 7.1 W 0.7 3.7 WNW N/A 5.3
2026-07-12 09:40 pm 1.3 1.3 8.3 W 0.7 3.8 WNW N/A 4.6
2026-07-12 09:10 pm 1.6 1.3 7.7WNW 0.7 4.0 WNW N/A 4.8
2026-07-12 08:40 pm 1.6 1.6 7.7 W 0.7 2.9 WNW N/A 4.9
2026-07-12 08:10 pm 1.6 1.3 7.7 W 0.7 3.6 WNW N/A 4.8
2026-07-12 07:40 pm 1.6 1.6 7.1 W 0.7 3.7 W N/A 4.9
2026-07-12 07:10 pm 2.0 1.6 7.7 W 0.7 2.5 WNW N/A 5.1
2026-07-12 06:40 pm 2.0 1.6 7.7WNW 0.7 3.8 WNW N/A 5.2
2026-07-12 06:10 pm 2.0 1.6 7.1 W 0.7 3.8 W N/A 5.2
2026-07-12 05:40 pm 2.0 1.6 7.7 W 0.7 4.0 WNW N/A 5.0
2026-07-12 05:10 pm 2.0 1.6 7.1 W 0.7 2.4 W N/A 5.0
2026-07-12 04:40 pm 2.0 2.0 7.1WNW 0.7 4.0 W N/A 5.1
2026-07-12 04:10 pm 2.0 2.0 6.7WNW 0.7 2.2 WSW N/A 5.0
2026-07-12 03:40 pm 2.0 2.0 8.3WNW 0.7 2.2 WSW N/A 5.0
2026-07-12 03:10 pm 1.6 1.3 7.7WNW 1.0 5.9 W N/A 5.3
2026-07-12 02:40 pm 1.6 1.6 7.1WNW 0.7 4.5 WNW N/A 5.6
2026-07-12 02:10 pm 1.6 1.6 7.7 W 0.7 4.0 WNW N/A 5.8
2026-07-12 01:40 pm 1.6 1.6 7.7 W 0.3 3.8 W N/A 5.7
2026-07-12 01:10 pm 1.6 1.6 7.1 W 0.3 3.4 W N/A 5.8

Plot icon Plot of wave energy versus frequency (and period)