Station List

Station 44008 (LLNR 827) - NANTUCKET 54 NM Southeast of Nantucket Image indicating link to RSS feed of recent meteorological observations for station 44008

Nantucket Shoals LB "N"

Owned and maintained by National Data Buoy Center
3-meter discus buoy
SCOOP payload
40.496 N 69.250 W (40°29'44" N 69°15'1" W)

Site elevation: sea level
Air temp height: 3.4 m above site elevation
Anemometer height: 3.8 m above site elevation
Barometer elevation: 2.4 m above mean sea level
Sea temp depth: 2 m below water line
Water depth: 72 m
Watch circle radius: 142 yards

Caution: Right whales may be active in northeast waters year-round. Mandatory speed restrictions of 10 knots apply to vessels 65 feet or greater in specific areas and times along the US east coast. Voluntary speed restrictions may be in effect in other areas and times. For current information on speed-restricted areas, go to: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/shipstrike

Latest NWS Marine Forecast

Important Notice to Mariners

Search And Rescue (SAR) Data

Meteorological Observations from Nearby Stations and Ships Image indicating link to RSS feed of recent meteorological observations near station 44008

Regional HF Radar Surface Current Observations

Large icon indicates selected station.
yellow diamond Stations with recent data
red diamond Stations with no data in last 8 hours
(24 hours for tsunami stations)
Station 44008
Buoy Camera Photos taken at 07/27/2024 0010 UTC. Click photo to enlarge.
Photos from Buoy Camera at station 44008Photos are generally taken hourly during daylight operations.

Conditions at 44008 as of
(8:50 pm EDT on 07/26/2024)
0050 GMT on 07/27/2024:
     

Click on the graph icon in the table below to see a time series plot of the last five days of that observation.

5-day plot - Wind Direction Wind Direction (WDIR): W ( 280 deg true )
5-day plot - Wind Speed Wind Speed (WSPD): 5.8 kts
5-day plot - Wind Gust Wind Gust (GST): 5.8 kts
5-day plot - Wave Height Wave Height (WVHT): 3.3 ft
5-day plot - Dominant Wave Period Dominant Wave Period (DPD): 9 sec
5-day plot - Average Wave Period Average Period (APD): 5.5 sec
5-day plot - Mean Wave Direction Mean Wave Direction (MWD): S ( 184 deg true )
5-day plot - Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Pressure (PRES):30.04 in
5-day plot - Water Temperature Water Temperature (WTMP): 67.6 °F
5-day plot - Wind Speed at 10 Meters Wind Speed at 10 meters (WSPD10M): 5.8 kts
5-day plot - Wind Speed at 20 Meters Wind Speed at 20 meters (WSPD20M): 5.8 kts
5-day plot - Wind Speed, Wind Gust and Atmospheric Pressure Combined plot of Wind Speed, Gust, and Air Pressure
Supplemental Measurements
Highest 1-minute Wind Speed
Time (EDT)5-day plot - 1-Minute Wind Speed WSPD 5-day plot - 1-Minute Wind Direction WDIR
8:44 pm 5.8 kts-
Previous observations
TIME
(EDT)		 5-day plot - Wind Direction
WDIR
 		 5-day plot - Wind Speed
WSPD
kts		 5-day plot - Wind Gust
GST
kts		 5-day plot - Wave Height
WVHT
ft		 5-day plot - Dominant Wave Period
DPD
sec		 5-day plot - Average Wave Period
APD
sec		 5-day plot - Mean Wave Direction
MWD
 		 5-day plot - Atmospheric Pressure
PRES
in		 5-day plot - Pressure Tendency
PTDY
in		 5-day plot - Air Temperature
ATMP
°F		 5-day plot - Water Temperature
WTMP
°F		 5-day plot - Dew Point
DEWP
°F		 5-day plot - Salinity
SAL
psu		 5-day plot - Visibility
VIS
nmi		 5-day plot - Tide (above MLLW)
TIDE
ft
2024-07-26 08:40 pmWNW 5.8 7.8----30.04-- 67.6----
2024-07-26 08:30 pm W 5.8 7.8----30.03-- 67.6----
2024-07-26 08:20 pm W 5.8 7.8 3.6 95.5 S30.03-- 67.6----
2024-07-26 08:10 pmWNW 5.8 7.8 3.6-5.5 S30.03-- 67.6----
2024-07-26 08:00 pmWNW 5.8 7.8----30.02+0.01- 67.6----
2024-07-26 07:50 pmWNW 5.8 7.8 3.6 85.6 S30.02-- 67.6----
2024-07-26 07:40 pmWNW 5.8 7.8----30.03-- 67.8----
2024-07-26 07:30 pmWNW 5.8 7.8----30.02-- 67.6----
2024-07-26 07:10 pmWNW 5.8 7.8 3.6-5.5 S30.02-- 67.8----
2024-07-26 07:00 pmWNW 5.8 7.8----30.02+0.01- 67.8----
2024-07-26 06:50 pmWNW 5.8 7.8 3.6 85.1 S30.02-- 67.8----
2024-07-26 06:40 pmWNW 5.8 5.8----30.01-- 67.8----
2024-07-26 06:30 pm NW 5.8 7.8----30.01-- 67.8----
2024-07-26 06:20 pm NW 5.8 7.8 3.6 95.1 S30.01-- 67.8----
2024-07-26 06:10 pm NW 5.8 7.8 3.6-5.1 S30.01-- 67.8----
2024-07-26 06:00 pm NW 5.8 7.8----30.01+0.00- 67.8----
2024-07-26 05:50 pm NW 5.8 7.8 3.6 84.9 S30.01-- 67.8----
2024-07-26 05:40 pm NW 7.8 7.8----30.01-- 67.6----
2024-07-26 05:30 pm NW 7.8 7.8----30.01-------
2024-07-26 05:20 pmWNW 7.8 7.8 3.9 95.0 S30.01-- 67.5----
2024-07-26 05:10 pmWNW 7.8 9.7----30.01-- 67.5----
2024-07-26 05:00 pmWNW 7.8 9.7----30.01+0.00- 67.3----
2024-07-26 04:50 pmWNW 7.8 9.7 3.9 54.9 W30.01-- 67.3----
2024-07-26 04:40 pmWNW 7.8 9.7 3.9-4.9 W30.01-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 04:30 pmWNW 7.8 9.7----30.01-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 04:20 pmWNW 7.8 9.7 3.9 95.1 S30.01-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 04:10 pmWNW 7.8 9.7 3.9-5.1 S30.01-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 04:00 pmWNW 7.8 9.7----30.01+0.00- 66.9----
2024-07-26 03:50 pmWNW 7.8 9.7 3.9 84.9SSW30.01-- 66.9----
2024-07-26 03:40 pmWNW 7.8 9.7 3.9-4.9SSW30.01-- 66.9----
2024-07-26 03:30 pmWNW 7.8 11.7----30.00-- 66.9----
2024-07-26 03:20 pmWNW 7.8 11.7 3.9 64.9WSW30.01-------
2024-07-26 03:10 pmWNW 9.7 11.7 3.9-4.9WSW30.01-- 66.9----
2024-07-26 03:00 pmWNW 9.7 11.7----30.01+0.00- 66.9----
2024-07-26 02:50 pmWNW 9.7 11.7 3.9 85.0 S30.01-- 66.9----
2024-07-26 02:40 pmWNW 9.7 11.7----30.01-- 66.7----
2024-07-26 02:30 pmWNW 9.7 13.6----30.01-- 66.9----
2024-07-26 02:20 pmWNW 11.7 13.6 4.3 85.1SSW30.01-- 66.9----
2024-07-26 02:10 pmWNW 9.7 13.6 4.3-5.1SSW30.01-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 02:00 pmWNW 9.7 11.7----30.01+0.00- 66.9----
2024-07-26 01:50 pmWNW 9.7 13.6 4.3 85.2 S30.01-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 01:40 pmWNW 9.7 11.7----30.00-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 01:30 pmWNW 9.7 11.7----30.01-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 01:20 pmWNW 9.7 11.7 4.3 75.4 S30.01-- 67.3----
2024-07-26 01:10 pmWNW 9.7 11.7 4.3-5.4 S30.01-- 67.3----
2024-07-26 01:00 pmWNW 9.7 11.7----30.01+0.00- 67.3----
2024-07-26 12:50 pmWNW 9.7 13.6 4.6 85.5 S30.00-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 12:40 pmWNW 9.7 11.7----30.01-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 12:30 pmWNW 9.7 13.6----30.01-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 12:20 pmWNW 11.7 13.6 4.9 85.5SSW30.01-- 67.1----
2024-07-26 12:10 pmWNW 11.7 13.6 4.9-5.5SSW30.01-- 67.5----
2024-07-26 12:00 pmWNW 11.7 13.6----30.01+0.00- 67.6----
2024-07-26 11:50 amWNW 11.7 13.6 4.9 85.7 S30.01-- 67.6----
2024-07-26 11:40 amWNW 11.7 13.6----30.01-- 67.8----
2024-07-26 11:30 amWNW 11.7 13.6----30.01-- 67.6----
2024-07-26 11:20 amWNW 11.7 13.6 4.6 75.6SSW30.01-- 67.8----
2024-07-26 11:10 amWNW 11.7 15.5----30.01-- 67.8----
2024-07-26 11:00 amWNW 11.7 15.5----30.01+0.01- 68.2----
2024-07-26 10:50 amWNW 11.7 15.5 4.9 85.9 S30.01-- 68.4----
2024-07-26 10:40 amWNW 11.7 13.6----30.01-- 68.5----
2024-07-26 10:30 am W 11.7 13.6----30.01-- 68.5----
2024-07-26 10:20 am W 11.7 15.5 5.2 76.2SSW30.01-- 68.4----
2024-07-26 10:10 am W 11.7 13.6 5.2-6.2SSW30.01-- 68.4----
2024-07-26 10:00 am W 11.7 13.6----30.01+0.01- 68.5----
2024-07-26 09:50 amWNW 11.7 13.6 4.6 76.0SSW30.01-- 68.5----
2024-07-26 09:40 amWNW 11.7 15.5----30.01-- 68.7----
2024-07-26 09:30 amWNW 11.7 13.6----30.01-- 68.7----
2024-07-26 09:20 amWNW 11.7 13.6 3.9 86.0SSW30.01-- 68.7----
2024-07-26 09:10 amWNW 11.7 15.5 3.9-6.0SSW30.01-- 68.7----
2024-07-26 09:00 amWNW 11.7 13.6----30.01+0.02- 68.7----
2024-07-26 08:50 amWNW 9.7 13.6 4.3 86.1SSW30.01-- 68.9----
2024-07-26 08:40 amWNW 9.7 13.6----30.01-- 68.7----
2024-07-26 08:30 am W 7.8 11.7----30.00-- 68.7----
2024-07-26 08:20 amWNW 9.7 11.7 4.3 86.3 S30.01-- 68.7----
2024-07-26 08:10 am W 7.8 9.7 4.3-6.3 S30.00-- 68.9----
2024-07-26 08:00 am W 9.7 11.7----30.01+0.03- 68.7----
2024-07-26 07:50 amWNW 9.7 13.6 4.3 86.1SSW30.00-- 68.7----
2024-07-26 07:40 amWNW 9.7 11.7----30.00-- 68.5----
2024-07-26 07:30 amWNW 9.7 11.7----30.00-- 68.5----
2024-07-26 07:20 amWNW 9.7 11.7 4.3 86.2SSW30.00-- 68.5----
2024-07-26 07:10 amWNW 9.7 11.7 4.3-6.2SSW30.00-- 68.7----
2024-07-26 07:00 amWNW 7.8 9.7----30.00+0.03- 68.9----
2024-07-26 06:50 amWNW 7.8 9.7 4.3 86.2SSW30.00-- 69.1----
2024-07-26 06:40 amWNW 7.8 9.7 4.3-6.2SSW29.99-- 69.1----
2024-07-26 06:30 amWNW 7.8 9.7----29.99-- 68.9----
2024-07-26 06:20 amWNW 7.8 9.7 4.3 86.1 S29.99-------
2024-07-26 06:10 am W 7.8 9.7 4.3-6.1 S29.99-- 68.9----
2024-07-26 06:00 amWNW 9.7 11.7----29.98+0.02- 68.9----
2024-07-26 05:50 amWNW 9.7 11.7 4.3 86.0 S29.98-- 68.5----
2024-07-26 05:40 am W 9.7 11.7----29.99-- 68.5----
2024-07-26 05:30 amWNW 9.7 11.7----29.98-- 68.7----
2024-07-26 05:20 amWNW 9.7 11.7 3.9 85.8 S29.98-- 68.9----
2024-07-26 05:10 amWNW 9.7 13.6 3.9-5.8 S29.98-- 69.3----
2024-07-26 05:00 amWNW 9.7 11.7----29.98+0.02- 69.4----
2024-07-26 04:50 amWNW 9.7 11.7 3.9 85.6 S29.98-- 69.4----
2024-07-26 04:40 amWNW 11.7 13.6----29.98-- 69.6----
2024-07-26 04:30 amWNW 11.7 13.6----29.97-- 69.6----
2024-07-26 04:20 amWNW 11.7 13.6 4.3 85.7 S29.97-- 69.8----
2024-07-26 04:10 amWNW 11.7 15.5----29.97-- 70.0----
2024-07-26 04:00 amWNW 11.7 15.5----29.97+0.00- 70.0----
2024-07-26 03:50 amWNW 11.7 15.5 3.9 95.3 S29.97-- 70.2----
2024-07-26 03:40 amWNW 13.6 15.5----29.96-- 70.2----
2024-07-26 03:30 amWNW 13.6 15.5----29.96-- 70.0----
2024-07-26 03:20 amWNW 13.6 17.5 3.9-5.2 S29.96-------
2024-07-26 03:10 am--- 3.9 9----- 70.2----
2024-07-26 03:00 amWNW 13.6 15.5----29.96+0.00- 70.0----
2024-07-26 02:50 amWNW 13.6 17.5 4.3 85.3 S29.96-- 70.0----
2024-07-26 02:40 amWNW 13.6 15.5----29.96-- 70.0----
2024-07-26 02:30 amWNW 13.6 17.5----29.96-- 70.0----
2024-07-26 02:20 amWNW 13.6 17.5 3.6 84.9 S29.96-- 70.2----
2024-07-26 02:10 amWNW 13.6 15.5 3.6-4.9 S29.96-- 70.0----
2024-07-26 02:00 amWNW 13.6 15.5----29.96-0.01- 70.0----
2024-07-26 01:50 am W 13.6 15.5 3.6 54.7 SW29.96-- 70.0----
2024-07-26 01:40 am W 13.6 15.5----29.96-- 70.0----
2024-07-26 01:30 am W 11.7 15.5----29.96-- 70.0----
2024-07-26 01:20 am W 11.7 13.6 4.3 65.0 SW29.96-- 70.0----
2024-07-26 01:10 am W 13.6 15.5 4.3-5.0 SW29.96-- 70.0----
2024-07-26 01:00 amWSW 11.7 15.5----29.96-0.02- 70.0----
2024-07-26 12:50 amWSW 11.7 13.6 3.9 85.1 S29.96-- 69.4----
2024-07-26 12:40 amWSW 13.6 15.5----29.96-- 69.4----
2024-07-26 12:30 amWSW 13.6 15.5----29.97-- 69.4----
2024-07-26 12:20 amWSW 13.6 15.5 4.3 54.8 SW29.96-- 69.4----
2024-07-26 12:10 amWSW 11.7 13.6 4.3-4.8 SW29.96-- 69.4----
2024-07-26 12:00 amWSW 11.7 15.5----29.96-0.01- 69.4----
2024-07-25 11:50 pmWSW 11.7 13.6 4.3 94.8 S29.96-- 69.4----
2024-07-25 11:40 pmWSW 11.7 13.6 4.3-4.8 S29.97-- 69.4----
2024-07-25 11:30 pmWSW 11.7 13.6----29.97-- 69.4----
2024-07-25 11:20 pmWSW 11.7 15.5 4.3 94.8SSW29.97-- 69.4----
2024-07-25 11:10 pmWSW 13.6 15.5 4.3-4.8SSW29.97-- 69.4----
2024-07-25 11:00 pmWSW 11.7 15.5----29.97+0.00- 69.4----
2024-07-25 10:50 pmWSW 11.7 13.6 4.3 95.0 S29.98-- 69.6----
2024-07-25 10:40 pm SW 11.7 13.6 4.3-5.0 S29.98-- 69.6----
2024-07-25 10:30 pm SW 11.7 15.5----29.98-- 69.8----
2024-07-25 10:20 pm SW 11.7 15.5 4.6 65.0 SW29.98-- 70.0----
2024-07-25 10:10 pm SW 11.7 15.5 4.6-5.0 SW29.98-- 70.2----
2024-07-25 10:00 pm SW 11.7 13.6----29.98+0.02- 70.2----
2024-07-25 09:50 pm SW 11.7 13.6 4.6 65.1SSW29.98-- 70.0----
2024-07-25 09:40 pmWSW 11.7 13.6----29.98-- 70.0----
2024-07-25 09:30 pmWSW 11.7 15.5----29.98-- 70.0----
2024-07-25 09:20 pm SW 11.7 15.5 4.6 75.2 S29.98-- 70.2----
2024-07-25 09:10 pmWSW 13.6 17.5 4.6-5.2 S29.98-- 70.2----
2024-07-25 09:00 pm SW 11.7 15.5----29.98+0.03- 70.3----
2024-07-25 08:50 pm SW 11.7 13.6 5.2 75.4 S29.98-- 70.3----
Detailed Wave Summary
for 44008 as of
(8:40 pm EDT on 07/26/2024)
0040 GMT on 07/27/2024:

These wave data are displayed in rounded times.

     

Click on the graph icon in the table below to see a time series plot of the last five days of that observation.

5-day plot - Significant Wave Height Significant Wave Height (WVHT): 3.3 ft
5-day plot - Swell Height Swell Height (SwH): 3.3 ft
5-day plot - Swell Period Swell Period (SwP): 9.1 sec
5-day plot - Swell Direction Swell Direction (SwD): S
5-day plot - Wind Wave Height Wind Wave Height (WWH): 1.3 ft
5-day plot - Wind Wave Period Wind Wave Period (WWP): 3.7 sec
5-day plot - Wind Wave Direction Wind Wave Direction (WWD):NNW
5-day plot - Wave Steepness Wave Steepness (STEEPNESS): SWELL
5-day plot - Average Wave Period Average Wave Period (APD): 5.5 sec
Previous observations
TIME
(EDT)		 5-day plot - Wave Height
WVHT
ft		 5-day plot - Swell Height
SwH
ft		 5-day plot - Swell Period
SwP
sec		 5-day plot - Swell Direction
SwD
 		 5-day plot - Wind Wave Height
WWH
ft		 5-day plot - Wind Wave Period
WWP
sec		 5-day plot - Wind Wave Direction
WWD
 		 5-day plot - Wave Steepness
STEEPNESS
 		 5-day plot - Average Wave Period
APD
sec
2024-07-26 08:10 pm 3.6 3.3 9.1 S 1.3 3.7 NW SWELL 5.5
2024-07-26 07:40 pm 3.6 3.6 8.3 S 1.3 4.0 WNW AVERAGE 5.6
2024-07-26 07:10 pm 3.6 3.3 9.1 S 1.3 4.0 WNW SWELL 5.5
2024-07-26 06:40 pm 3.6 3.3 8.3 S 1.3 4.0 WNW AVERAGE 5.1
2024-07-26 06:10 pm 3.6 3.3 9.1 S 1.6 3.8 WNW SWELL 5.1
2024-07-26 05:40 pm 3.6 3.3 8.3 S 1.6 4.0 WNW AVERAGE 4.9
2024-07-26 05:10 pm 3.9 3.6 9.1 S 1.6 3.7 WNW SWELL 5.0
2024-07-26 04:40 pm 3.9 3.6 5.0 W 1.6 4.0 WNWVERY_STEEP 4.9
2024-07-26 04:10 pm 3.9 3.6 9.1 S 1.6 3.6 W SWELL 5.1
2024-07-26 03:40 pm 3.9 3.6 7.7SSW 1.6 4.0 W AVERAGE 4.9
2024-07-26 03:10 pm 3.9 3.3 5.9WSW 2.0 3.4 W STEEP 4.9
2024-07-26 02:40 pm 3.9 3.3 7.7 S 2.0 4.3 SW AVERAGE 5.0
2024-07-26 02:10 pm 4.3 3.6 8.3SSW 2.6 4.2 WSW AVERAGE 5.1
2024-07-26 01:40 pm 4.3 3.6 8.3 S 2.3 5.0 WSW AVERAGE 5.2
2024-07-26 01:10 pm 4.3 3.9 7.1 S 2.0 4.5 SW STEEP 5.4
2024-07-26 12:40 pm 4.6 4.3 7.7 S 2.0 3.7 WSW AVERAGE 5.5
2024-07-26 12:10 pm 4.9 3.9 7.7SSW 3.0 5.3 SSW AVERAGE 5.5
2024-07-26 11:40 am 4.9 4.3 7.7 S 2.3 5.0 SW AVERAGE 5.7
2024-07-26 11:10 am 4.6 3.3 7.1SSW 3.0 5.9 SSW STEEP 5.6
2024-07-26 10:40 am 4.9 4.3 7.7 S 2.3 4.8 SSW AVERAGE 5.9
2024-07-26 10:10 am 5.2 4.9 6.7SSW 2.3 5.0 SW STEEP 6.2
2024-07-26 09:40 am 4.6 3.9 7.1SSW 2.6 5.0 WSW STEEP 6.0
2024-07-26 09:10 am 3.9 3.6 7.7SSW 1.6 4.8 SW AVERAGE 6.0
2024-07-26 08:40 am 4.3 3.9 7.7SSW 1.3 4.0 W AVERAGE 6.1
2024-07-26 08:10 am 4.3 4.3 7.7 S 1.0 3.7 W AVERAGE 6.3
2024-07-26 07:40 am 4.3 3.9 7.7SSW 1.6 5.0 WSW AVERAGE 6.1
2024-07-26 07:10 am 4.3 3.9 8.3SSW 1.3 3.8 W AVERAGE 6.2
2024-07-26 06:40 am 4.3 4.3 8.3SSW 1.0 3.4 W AVERAGE 6.2
2024-07-26 06:10 am 4.3 3.9 7.7 S 1.0 3.6 WNW AVERAGE 6.1
2024-07-26 05:40 am 4.3 3.9 7.7 S 1.3 4.2 W AVERAGE 6.0
2024-07-26 05:10 am 3.9 3.6 8.3 S 1.6 4.8 W AVERAGE 5.8
2024-07-26 04:40 am 3.9 3.3 8.3 S 2.0 3.8 W AVERAGE 5.6
2024-07-26 04:10 am 4.3 3.6 8.3 S 2.3 5.9 SW AVERAGE 5.7
2024-07-26 03:40 am 3.9 3.0 9.1 S 2.6 5.6 SW SWELL 5.3
2024-07-26 03:10 am 3.9 2.6 9.1 S 3.0 6.2 SW AVERAGE 5.2
2024-07-26 02:40 am 4.3 2.6 8.3 S 3.0 5.9 SW AVERAGE 5.3
2024-07-26 02:10 am 3.6 2.3 8.3 S 3.0 5.3 SW AVERAGE 4.9
2024-07-26 01:40 am 3.6 2.0 7.7SSW 3.0 5.3 SWVERY_STEEP 4.7
2024-07-26 01:10 am 4.3 2.6 9.1SSW 3.3 5.9 SW STEEP 5.0
2024-07-26 12:40 am 3.9 2.6 8.3 S 3.0 5.0 SSW AVERAGE 5.1
2024-07-26 12:10 am 4.3 2.6 9.1SSW 3.3 5.3 SWVERY_STEEP 4.8
2024-07-25 11:40 pm 4.3 2.6 9.1 S 3.3 4.8 SW AVERAGE 4.8
2024-07-25 11:10 pm 4.3 2.6 9.1SSW 3.3 5.0 SSW AVERAGE 4.8
2024-07-25 10:40 pm 4.3 3.0 9.1 S 3.3 5.6 SSW AVERAGE 5.0
2024-07-25 10:10 pm 4.6 3.0 7.7 S 3.6 5.6 SWVERY_STEEP 5.0
2024-07-25 09:40 pm 4.6 3.6 5.9SSW 3.0 5.3 S STEEP 5.1
2024-07-25 09:10 pm 4.6 3.0 6.7 S 3.6 5.6 SSW STEEP 5.2

Plot of wave energy versus frequency (and period)