Station 42058 - Central Caribbean - 210 NM SSE of Kingston, Jamaica Image indicating link to RSS feed of recent meteorological observations for station 42058


Conditions at 42058 as of
(5:10 pm EST)
2210 GMT on 12/01/2023:
     

Click on the graph icon in the table below to see a time series plot of the last five days of that observation.

5-day plot - Wind Direction Wind Direction (WDIR): E ( 80 deg true )
5-day plot - Wind Speed Wind Speed (WSPD): 15.5 kts
5-day plot - Wind Gust Wind Gust (GST): 19.4 kts
5-day plot - Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Pressure (PRES):29.85 in
5-day plot - Air Temperature Air Temperature (ATMP): 82.9 °F
5-day plot - Water Temperature Water Temperature (WTMP): 84.9 °F
5-day plot - Dew Point Dew Point (DEWP): 80.8 °F
5-day plot - Heat Index Heat Index (HEAT): 95.7 °F
5-day plot - Wind Speed at 10 Meters Wind Speed at 10 meters (WSPD10M): 17.5 kts
5-day plot - Wind Speed at 20 Meters Wind Speed at 20 meters (WSPD20M): 19.4 kts
5-day plot -  Wind Speed, Wind Gust and Atmospheric Pressure Combined plot of Wind Speed, Gust, and Air Pressure
Supplemental Measurements
Highest 1-minute Wind Speed
Time (EST)5-day plot - 1-Minute Wind Speed WSPD 5-day plot - 1-Minute Wind Direction WDIR
5:03 pm 17.5 kts-
Previous observations
TIME
(EST)
5-day plot - Wind Direction
WDIR
 
5-day plot - Wind Speed
WSPD
kts
5-day plot - Wind Gust
GST
kts
5-day plot - Wave Height
WVHT
ft
5-day plot - Dominant Wave Period
DPD
sec
5-day plot - Average Wave Period
APD
sec
5-day plot - Mean Wave Direction
MWD
 
5-day plot - Atmospheric Pressure
PRES
in
5-day plot - Pressure Tendency
PTDY
in
5-day plot - Air Temperature
ATMP
°F
5-day plot - Water Temperature
WTMP
°F
5-day plot - Dew Point
DEWP
°F
5-day plot - Salinity
SAL
psu
5-day plot - Visibility
VIS
nmi
5-day plot - Tide (above MLLW)
TIDE
ft
2023-12-01 05:00 pm E 19.4 25.3----29.85-0.02 82.6 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 04:50 pm E 19.4 25.3 7.5 85.6 E29.85- 84.2 84.9 80.4---
2023-12-01 04:40 pm E 19.4 23.3----29.85- 84.4 84.9 80.4---
2023-12-01 04:30 pm E 17.5 23.3----29.85- 84.0 84.9 80.4---
2023-12-01 04:20 pm E 15.5 19.4 7.2 85.6 E29.85- 83.3 84.9 80.6---
2023-12-01 04:10 pmENE 17.5 23.3 7.2-5.6 E29.85- 82.4 84.9 80.8---
2023-12-01 04:00 pmENE 17.5 25.3----29.85-0.04 83.5 84.9 80.8---
2023-12-01 03:50 pmENE 17.5 21.4 7.5 85.6 E29.85- 84.6 84.9 80.2---
2023-12-01 03:40 pmENE 17.5 21.4 7.5-5.6 E29.85- 84.4 84.9 80.1---
2023-12-01 03:30 pmENE 19.4 23.3----29.85- 84.4 84.9 79.9---
2023-12-01 03:20 pm E 17.5 23.3 8.2 75.8 E29.85- 84.6 84.9 79.9---
2023-12-01 03:10 pm E 19.4 23.3 8.2-5.8 E29.85- 84.6 84.9 79.3---
2023-12-01 03:00 pm E 19.4 23.3----29.85-0.06 84.6 84.9 79.3---
2023-12-01 02:50 pm E 19.4 23.3 7.5 85.6 E29.86- 84.4 84.9 79.5---
2023-12-01 02:40 pm E 19.4 23.3----29.86- 84.4 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 02:30 pm E 17.5 23.3----29.86- 84.4 84.9 80.1---
2023-12-01 02:20 pm E 19.4 23.3 7.5 75.5 E29.87- 84.6 84.9 79.5---
2023-12-01 02:10 pm E 19.4 23.3 7.5-5.5 E29.87- 84.4 84.9 79.5---
2023-12-01 02:00 pmENE 17.5 21.4----29.86-0.07 84.4 84.9 80.4---
2023-12-01 01:50 pm E 19.4 23.3 7.2 85.4 E29.87- 84.7 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 01:40 pm E 19.4 25.3----29.87- 84.6 84.9 79.2---
2023-12-01 01:30 pm E 19.4 23.3----29.87- 84.6 84.9 80.1---
2023-12-01 01:20 pm E 19.4 21.4 7.9 85.6 E29.88- 84.6 84.9 79.9---
2023-12-01 01:10 pm E 17.5 23.3 7.9-5.6 E29.88- 84.7 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 01:00 pm E 19.4 25.3----29.88-0.06 84.7 84.9 79.0---
2023-12-01 12:50 pm E 21.4 25.3 7.9 85.6 E29.88- 84.7 84.9 78.1---
2023-12-01 12:40 pm E 19.4 27.2----29.89- 84.6 84.9 79.0---
2023-12-01 12:30 pm E 19.4 25.3----29.89- 84.4 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 12:20 pm E 19.4 23.3 7.5 85.6 E29.90- 84.6 84.9 80.1---
2023-12-01 12:10 pm E 19.4 23.3 7.5-5.6 E29.90- 84.6 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 12:00 pm E 21.4 25.3----29.91-0.03 84.6 84.9 79.3---
2023-12-01 11:50 am E 19.4 23.3 8.5 75.6 E29.91- 84.4 84.9 79.9---
2023-12-01 11:40 am E 19.4 25.3----29.92- 84.7 84.9 80.1---
2023-12-01 11:30 am E 19.4 25.3----29.92- 84.7 84.9 79.3---
2023-12-01 11:20 am E 21.4 25.3 7.9 85.7 E29.93- 84.7 84.9 79.0---
2023-12-01 11:10 am E 21.4 25.3 7.9-5.7 E29.93- 84.7 84.9 79.3---
2023-12-01 11:00 am E 21.4 25.3----29.93+0.00 84.7 84.9 79.0---
2023-12-01 10:50 am E 21.4 27.2 8.2 85.7 E29.93- 84.7 84.9 78.4---
2023-12-01 10:40 am E 21.4 27.2----29.93- 84.7 84.9 78.4---
2023-12-01 10:30 am E 19.4 25.3----29.93- 84.7 84.9 79.3---
2023-12-01 10:20 am E 21.4 25.3 8.9 85.8 E29.93- 84.7 84.9 79.3---
2023-12-01 10:10 am E 21.4 27.2 8.9-5.8 E29.94- 84.7 84.9 79.2---
2023-12-01 10:00 am E 19.4 25.3----29.94+0.03 84.7 84.9 79.5---
2023-12-01 09:50 am E 21.4 27.2 8.9 85.8 E29.93- 84.7 84.9 79.2---
2023-12-01 09:40 am E 21.4 25.3----29.93- 84.9 84.9 79.0---
2023-12-01 09:30 am E 21.4 25.3----29.93- 84.7 84.9 78.8---
2023-12-01 09:20 am E 21.4 27.2 8.2 85.6 E29.93- 84.7 84.9 79.0---
2023-12-01 09:10 am E 21.4 27.2 8.2-5.6 E29.93- 84.6 84.9 79.5---
2023-12-01 09:00 am E 21.4 27.2----29.93+0.05 84.6 84.9 80.1---
2023-12-01 08:50 am E 21.4 25.3 7.9 85.7 E29.94- 84.4 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 08:40 am E 21.4 27.2 7.9-5.7 E29.94- 84.0 84.9 79.9---
2023-12-01 08:30 am E 19.4 25.3----29.93- 83.8 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 08:20 am E 21.4 25.3 7.5 85.6 E29.93- 83.8 84.9 79.3---
2023-12-01 08:10 am E 21.4 31.1 7.5-5.6 E29.92- 84.0 84.7 79.9---
2023-12-01 08:00 am E 19.4 23.3----29.93+0.05 84.4 84.9 80.1---
2023-12-01 07:50 am E 19.4 23.3 7.5 85.5 E29.93- 84.4 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 07:40 am E 19.4 25.3----29.93- 84.4 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 07:30 am E 19.4 25.3----29.92- 84.4 84.9 79.5---
2023-12-01 07:20 am E 19.4 25.3 7.5 85.4ENE29.92- 84.4 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 07:10 am E 19.4 23.3----29.91- 84.2 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 07:00 am E 21.4 25.3----29.91+0.05 84.0 84.9 79.9---
2023-12-01 06:50 am E 21.4 25.3 7.5 85.6 E29.91- 84.2 84.9 79.7---
2023-12-01 06:40 am E 21.4 27.2----29.90- 84.2 84.9 79.5---
2023-12-01 06:30 am E 21.4 25.3----29.90- 83.8 84.9 79.2---
2023-12-01 06:20 am E 21.4 25.3 6.9 85.2 E29.90- 83.7 84.7 80.2---
2023-12-01 06:10 am E 19.4 23.3 6.9-5.2 E29.89- 83.5 84.7 80.2---
2023-12-01 06:00 am E 21.4 25.3----29.89+0.02 83.5 84.7 80.1---
2023-12-01 05:50 amENE 21.4 25.3 7.5 85.4 E29.88- 83.7 84.7 80.2---
2023-12-01 05:40 amENE 19.4 23.3 7.5-5.4 E29.88- 83.8 84.7 80.1---
2023-12-01 05:30 am E 19.4 23.3----29.88- 83.8 84.7 80.1---
2023-12-01 05:20 amENE 19.4 25.3 7.5 85.6 E29.88- 83.7 84.7 79.5---
2023-12-01 05:10 amENE 21.4 25.3----29.88- 83.5 84.7 79.5---
2023-12-01 05:00 amENE 19.4 25.3----29.88+0.00 83.5 84.7 80.1---
2023-12-01 04:50 am E 19.4 25.3 8.2 75.6 E29.87- 83.3 84.7 79.5---
2023-12-01 04:40 amENE 21.4 25.3----29.87- 83.3 84.7 79.3---
2023-12-01 04:30 amENE 19.4 25.3----29.87- 83.5 84.7 79.5---
2023-12-01 04:20 amENE 19.4 23.3 7.5 85.4 E29.87- 83.3 84.7 79.9---
2023-12-01 04:10 amENE 19.4 25.3 7.5-5.4 E29.87- 84.0 84.7 79.5---
2023-12-01 04:00 amENE 21.4 25.3----29.86-0.02 83.8 84.7 78.6---
2023-12-01 03:50 amENE 19.4 23.3 7.2 85.5 E29.86- 84.0 84.7 79.5---
2023-12-01 03:40 amENE 21.4 25.3----29.86- 83.8 84.7 78.6---
2023-12-01 03:30 amENE 19.4 23.3----29.86- 84.0 84.7 78.4---
2023-12-01 03:20 amENE 19.4 25.3 7.5 75.5 E29.86- 83.8 84.7 78.6---
2023-12-01 03:10 amENE 19.4 23.3 7.5-5.5 E29.86- 83.8 84.7 78.8---
2023-12-01 03:00 amENE 19.4 23.3----29.86-0.04 83.8 84.7 78.8---
2023-12-01 02:50 amENE 19.4 23.3 7.5 85.6 E29.86- 83.8 84.7 78.8---
2023-12-01 02:40 amENE 19.4 23.3----29.86- 83.8 84.7 78.3---
2023-12-01 02:30 amENE 19.4 23.3----29.87- 83.8 84.7 78.6---
2023-12-01 02:20 am E 19.4 25.3 7.9 85.5 E29.87- 83.8 84.7 78.1---
2023-12-01 02:10 am E 19.4 25.3 7.9-5.5 E29.87- 83.8 84.7 78.1---
2023-12-01 02:00 amENE 19.4 25.3----29.87-0.04 83.8 84.7 78.1---
2023-12-01 01:50 am E 19.4 25.3 7.2 75.4 E-- 83.8 84.7 78.3---
2023-12-01 01:40 am E 19.4 25.3----29.88- 84.0 84.7 78.3---
2023-12-01 01:30 am E 19.4 25.3----29.88- 84.0 84.9 77.9---
2023-12-01 01:20 amENE 19.4 25.3 7.9 85.6 E29.88- 84.0 84.9 77.5---
2023-12-01 01:10 am E 21.4 25.3 7.9-5.6 E29.88- 84.2 84.9 77.2---
2023-12-01 01:00 amENE 19.4 25.3----29.88-0.03 84.0 84.9 78.3---
2023-12-01 12:50 amENE 19.4 23.3 8.2 85.6 E29.89- 84.2 84.9 79.2---
2023-12-01 12:40 amENE 19.4 25.3----29.89- 84.2 84.9 78.8---
2023-12-01 12:30 am E 19.4 25.3----29.89- 84.2 84.9 78.4---
2023-12-01 12:20 am E 21.4 25.3 7.5 75.5 E29.90- 84.2 84.9 77.7---
2023-12-01 12:10 am E 19.4 25.3 7.5-5.5 E29.90- 83.5 84.9 78.1---
2023-12-01 12:00 am E 17.5 23.3----29.90+0.00 82.4 84.9 78.6---
2023-11-30 11:50 pm E 21.4 27.2 7.9 75.5 E29.90- 80.4 84.9 77.5---
2023-11-30 11:40 pm E 21.4 29.1 7.9-5.5 E29.90- 82.0 84.9 79.2---
2023-11-30 11:30 pm E 21.4 27.2----29.90- 83.1 84.9 79.5---
2023-11-30 11:20 pmENE 19.4 25.3 7.2 85.4 E29.91- 84.4 84.9 78.6---
2023-11-30 11:10 pmENE 19.4 23.3 7.2-5.4 E29.91- 84.2 84.9 79.2---
2023-11-30 11:00 pmENE 17.5 21.4----29.91+0.02 83.8 84.9 79.5---
2023-11-30 10:50 pmENE 19.4 23.3 7.5 75.6 E29.91- 83.8 84.9 79.3---
2023-11-30 10:40 pmENE 19.4 23.3----29.91- 83.7 84.9 79.3---
2023-11-30 10:30 pmENE 19.4 23.3----29.91- 83.5 84.9 79.7---
2023-11-30 10:20 pmENE 17.5 23.3 7.2 75.6 E29.92- 83.3 84.9 79.9---
2023-11-30 10:10 pmENE 17.5 19.4 7.2-5.6 E29.91- 83.3 84.9 80.1---
2023-11-30 10:00 pmENE 17.5 23.3----29.91+0.04 82.9 84.9 79.7---
2023-11-30 09:50 pmENE 17.5 23.3 7.2 85.4ESE29.91- 82.6 84.9 79.0---
2023-11-30 09:40 pmENE 17.5 23.3 7.2-5.4ESE29.91- 81.9 84.9 79.0---
2023-11-30 09:30 pmENE 21.4 29.1----29.91- 79.9 84.9 78.6---
2023-11-30 09:20 pmENE 25.3 33.0 7.2 75.4 E29.91- 82.9 84.9 79.7---
2023-11-30 09:10 pmENE 21.4 25.3 7.2-5.4 E29.91- 84.4 84.9 79.0---
2023-11-30 09:00 pmENE 19.4 25.3----29.91+0.05 84.4 84.9 79.0---
2023-11-30 08:50 pmENE 19.4 25.3 6.9 75.3 E29.91- 84.4 84.9 79.0---
2023-11-30 08:40 pmENE 21.4 27.2 6.9-5.3 E29.90- 84.4 84.9 78.6---
2023-11-30 08:30 pmENE 21.4 27.2----29.90- 84.4 84.9 78.3---
2023-11-30 08:20 pmENE 19.4 25.3 7.5 85.6 E29.90- 84.4 84.9 78.6---
2023-11-30 08:10 pmENE 19.4 23.3 7.5-5.6 E29.89- 84.2 84.9 79.2---
2023-11-30 08:00 pmENE 19.4 23.3----29.89+0.05 84.2 84.9 79.2---
2023-11-30 07:50 pmENE 19.4 23.3 6.9 85.4 E29.88- 84.4 84.9 78.8---
2023-11-30 07:40 pmENE 19.4 25.3 6.9-5.4 E29.88- 84.4 84.9 78.3---
2023-11-30 07:30 pmENE 19.4 25.3----29.88- 84.4 84.9 78.6---
2023-11-30 07:20 pmENE 19.4 25.3 6.6 85.3ESE29.88- 84.4 84.9 78.6---
2023-11-30 07:10 pmENE 19.4 25.3 6.6-5.3ESE-- 84.4 84.9 77.9---
2023-11-30 07:00 pmENE 19.4 23.3----29.87+0.04 84.4 84.9 78.6---
2023-11-30 06:50 pmENE 19.4 25.3 6.9 75.4 E29.87- 84.4 84.9 78.3---
2023-11-30 06:40 pmENE 19.4 27.2----29.86- 84.4 84.9 78.1---
2023-11-30 06:00 pmENE 21.4 25.3 6.6-5.1 E29.85+0.01 84.4 84.9 78.8---
2023-11-30 05:50 pmENE 21.4 27.2 6.9 75.4 E29.85- 84.2 84.9 79.2---
2023-11-30 05:40 pmENE 19.4 23.3 6.9-5.4 E29.85- 84.2 84.9 79.5---
2023-11-30 05:30 pmENE 19.4 23.3----29.85- 84.4 84.9 79.5---
2023-11-30 05:20 pmENE 19.4 23.3 7.2 75.6 E29.85- 84.4 84.9 79.5---
2023-11-30 05:10 pmENE 19.4 25.3----29.85- 84.4 84.9 79.2---
2023-11-30 05:00 pmENE 19.4 23.3----29.84+0.00 84.4 84.9 79.2---
2023-11-30 04:50 pmENE 19.4 23.3 6.9 85.3 E29.84- 84.6 84.9 79.2---

Detailed Wave Summary
for 42058 as of (4:40 pm EST)
2140 GMT on 12/01/2023:

These wave data are displayed in rounded times.

     

Click on the graph icon in the table below to see a time series plot of the last five days of that observation.

5-day plot - Significant Wave Height Significant Wave Height (WVHT): 7.5 ft
5-day plot - Swell Height Swell Height (SwH): 1.3 ft
5-day plot - Swell Period Swell Period (SwP): 12.1 sec
5-day plot - Swell Direction Swell Direction (SwD): NE
5-day plot - Wind Wave Height Wind Wave Height (WWH): 7.5 ft
5-day plot - Wind Wave Period Wind Wave Period (WWP): 7.7 sec
5-day plot - Wind Wave Direction Wind Wave Direction (WWD): E
5-day plot - Wave Steepness Wave Steepness (STEEPNESS): STEEP
5-day plot - Average Wave Period Average Wave Period (APD): 5.6 sec
Previous observations
TIME
(EST)
5-day plot - Wave Height
WVHT
ft
5-day plot - Swell Height
SwH
ft
5-day plot - Swell Period
SwP
sec
5-day plot - Swell Direction
SwD
 
5-day plot - Wind Wave Height
WWH
ft
5-day plot - Wind Wave Period
WWP
sec
5-day plot - Wind Wave Direction
WWD
 
5-day plot - Wave Steepness
STEEPNESS
 
5-day plot - Average Wave Period
APD
sec
2023-12-01 04:10 pm 7.2 3.3 19.0 SW 6.6 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 03:40 pm 7.5 0.0-- 7.5 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 03:10 pm 8.2 1.3 11.4ESE 7.9 7.1 E STEEP 5.8
2023-12-01 02:40 pm 7.5 2.0 16.0 NE 7.2 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 02:10 pm 7.5 3.3 11.4 E 6.9 7.1 E STEEP 5.5
2023-12-01 01:40 pm 7.2 0.0-- 7.2 7.7 E STEEP 5.4
2023-12-01 01:10 pm 7.9 3.6 13.8 SW 6.9 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 12:40 pm 7.9 0.0-- 7.9 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 12:10 pm 7.5 2.6 17.4ESE 7.2 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 11:40 am 8.5 0.0-- 8.5 6.7 EVERY_STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 11:10 am 7.9 0.0-- 7.9 7.7 E STEEP 5.7
2023-12-01 10:40 am 8.2 0.0-- 8.2 7.7 E STEEP 5.7
2023-12-01 10:10 am 8.9 0.0-- 8.9 7.7 E STEEP 5.8
2023-12-01 09:40 am 8.9 0.0-- 8.9 7.7 E STEEP 5.8
2023-12-01 09:10 am 8.2 1.3 21.1 W 8.2 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 08:40 am 7.9 1.3 14.8 W 7.9 7.7 E STEEP 5.7
2023-12-01 08:10 am 7.5 0.0-- 7.5 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 07:40 am 7.5 1.3 12.1 W 7.5 7.7 E STEEP 5.5
2023-12-01 07:10 am 7.5 0.0-- 7.5 7.7 ENE STEEP 5.4
2023-12-01 06:40 am 7.5 0.0-- 7.5 8.3 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 06:10 am 6.9 0.0-- 6.9 7.7 E STEEP 5.2
2023-12-01 05:40 am 7.5 0.0-- 7.5 7.7 E STEEP 5.4
2023-12-01 05:10 am 7.5 0.0-- 7.5 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 04:40 am 8.2 0.0-- 8.2 7.1 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 04:10 am 7.5 0.0-- 7.5 7.7 E STEEP 5.4
2023-12-01 03:40 am 7.2 0.0-- 7.2 7.7 E STEEP 5.5
2023-12-01 03:10 am 7.5 1.0 14.8ESE 7.5 7.1 E STEEP 5.5
2023-12-01 02:40 am 7.5 0.3 11.4ENE 7.5 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 02:10 am 7.9 0.0-- 7.9 7.7 E STEEP 5.5
2023-12-01 01:40 am 7.2 0.7 12.1ESE 7.2 7.1 E STEEP 5.4
2023-12-01 01:10 am 7.9 0.0-- 7.9 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 12:40 am 8.2 1.0 12.9 N 7.9 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-12-01 12:10 am 7.5 2.0 12.1 NW 7.2 7.1 E STEEP 5.5
2023-11-30 11:40 pm 7.9 0.0-- 7.9 7.1 E STEEP 5.5
2023-11-30 11:10 pm 7.2 1.0 12.9 SE 7.2 7.7 E STEEP 5.4
2023-11-30 10:40 pm 7.5 0.0-- 7.5 7.1 E STEEP 5.6
2023-11-30 10:10 pm 7.2 3.3 10.8 NE 6.2 7.1 E STEEP 5.6
2023-11-30 09:40 pm 7.2 0.7 12.1WSW 7.2 7.7 ESE STEEP 5.4
2023-11-30 09:10 pm 7.2 0.0-- 7.2 7.1 E STEEP 5.4
2023-11-30 08:40 pm 6.9 0.0-- 6.9 7.1 E STEEP 5.3
2023-11-30 08:10 pm 7.5 1.0 10.8WNW 7.5 7.7 E STEEP 5.6
2023-11-30 07:40 pm 6.9 1.0 11.4 NE 6.9 7.7 E STEEP 5.4
2023-11-30 07:10 pm 6.6 3.3 7.7ESE 5.6 5.3 E STEEP 5.3
2023-11-30 06:40 pm 6.9 0.0-- 6.9 7.1 E STEEP 5.4
2023-11-30 06:10 pm 6.6 1.6 11.4ESE 6.2 7.1 E STEEP 5.1
2023-11-30 05:40 pm 6.9 0.7 12.1ESE 6.9 7.1 E STEEP 5.4
2023-11-30 05:10 pm 7.2 0.0-- 7.2 7.1 E STEEP 5.6

Plot of wave energy versus frequency (and period)